BLACKSMITHING


~continued~

The following is from Audel's Millrights and Mechanics Guide, 1940,Theo Audel, & Co., Publishers, 49 W. 23rd St., New York




  1. Top Hardies
    • Cold Cut
    • Hot Cut
  2. Top Fuller
  3. Top Swage
  4. Flatters
    • Plain
    • Offset
  5. Punches
  6. Cutting tool
  7. Bucking bar
  8. Heading tool
  9. Sheering tool
The smith, in forming his metals, holds these tools in position by the handle, while the helper strikes the head of the aced tool with a sledge. Figs. A, B, etc., below refer to 910 to 9,922.
Cold Cut Top Hardy-A stout bladed tool as shown in fig. A, used to cut cold metals.
Hot Cut Top Hardy-A thin bladed tool as shown in fig. B, This tool should never be used to cut cold metal.
Top Fuller.-A tool having a rounded nose, as shown in fig. C, used for spreading and notching metals.
Top Swage-A tool having a grooved face as shown in fig. D, used to "swage" or form metals to the shape of the groove, or for drawing metal down to a required diameter.
Flatters-The set hammer form of flatter as shown in fig. F, may be properly called a hand forming tool when used to smooth off and finish small flat surfaces. Its principal use is for striking blows in a definite spot or inaccessible place. A regular flatter is a flat faced tool as shown in fig. E, used to smooth and finish the,surface of forgings. To get the best smooth finish do not have the temperature of the forging too high, dip the face of the flatter in water, have water on the face of the anvil, and do not strike the flatter too heavily.
Punches-These are used for making large holes in hot metal. The general appearance of a punch is opposite direction. This avoids tearing,the metal on the surface, and leaves a smooth hole at each end.
Cupping Tool-A tool with a rounded cavity as shown in fig. H, used for finishing the heads of rivets.
Ducking Bar-This may be called an inertia tool and to possess that property in sufficiently marked degree it is made heavy. The bar, as shown in fig. J, has a suitable cavity in its working face and is used to "buck" or back up a rivet while it is being headed.
Heading Tool.-A tool used for making up bolt heads as shown in fig, 1. It has a hole about 1/32 in. larger than the diameter of the stock that is being used, the face end of the hole being beveled.
Shearing Tool-The cutting end of this tool is ground to the proper angle to adapt it to the work for which it was intended.

[Figs. 9,923 and 9,924,-Heller hand forming tools. Fig 9,923, cold chisel; fig. 9,924, hot chisel].
Swage Block-In connection with the use of the swage which is used for drawing metal down to a required diameter, a swage block is very convenient. It takes the place of both the anvil and the bottom swage and is illustrated in fig. 9,927. It is usually made of cast iron of an approximately square shape, with a number of grooves of different dimensions cut on the face. These grooves are used according to the diameter and shape of the piece being worked. It is called a swage block. The grooves at H, are serni-elliptical, which should also be the shape of the curve of the top swage. The angular grooves are right angled and are adapted to receive different sizes of square iron. The holes through the casting are available for punching, drifting, etc.


[Figs. 9,925 and 9,926.-Heller handformingtools. Fig. 9,925, creasing fuller; fig. 9,926. Scotch pattern creasing fuller. No. 9,927.-Swage blank.]

Hammers--Ordinarily five kinds of hammers are used in a blacksmith's shop and they are known as:
  1. Ball peen
  2. Cross peen
  3. Straight peen
  4. Riveting
  5. Sledge

BALL CROSS PEEN STRAIGHT PEEN
[Figs. 9,928 to 9,930.-Various blacksmith's peen hammers. Fig. 9.928 ball; fig. 9,928, cross; fig. 9,930 straight. The straight peen hammer varies in weight from 11/2 to 31/2 lbs. The ball peen hammer varies in weight from 1/2 to 5 lbs. for general use the 3 lb. size being suitable.]
By definition the word peen (also /spelled pein) means the end of a hammer head opposite the face when adapted for striking; usually shaped for indenting, as when pointed, conical, hemi-spherical, or wedge shaped.
The ball, cross and straight peen hammers are shown in figs. 9,928 to 9,930, and some of the uses for which the hammers are suitable, in fig. 9.931 to 9.933.

[Figs 9,931 to 9,933-Some operations performed with peen hammers. Fig 9,931 making countersink around a hole; fig. 9,932, drawing out plow share; fig. 9,933, drawing out the end of a piece of metal as in making tongs.]
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